Civometry

Local authority · E09000011

Work in Greenwich

Every work series published for Greenwich, each over its full published span. A series that begins part-way along began then: nothing earlier is published for this area, and no gap is filled in.

Median annual pay, full-time employees, by area of residence

In Greenwich, median annual pay, full-time employees, by area of residence rose from £29,677 in 2008 to £45,274 in 2025, a change of £15,597 or 52.6%, in cash terms, not adjusted for inflation (ONS).

Median annual pay, full-time employees, by area of residence: 2008 to 2025LabourCoalitionCoalitionConservativeConservativeConservativeConservativeLabour£0£20k£40k2010201520202025UKUK2008: £29,677 £ a year · published 29 October 20252009: £32,365 £ a year · published 29 October 20252010: £31,537 £ a year · published 29 October 20252011: £30,603 £ a year · published 29 October 20252012: £30,797 £ a year · published 29 October 20252013: £31,469 £ a year · published 29 October 20252014: £30,735 £ a year · published 29 October 20252015: £31,396 £ a year · published 29 October 20252016: £32,433 £ a year · published 29 October 20252017: £33,145 £ a year · published 29 October 20252018: £35,988 £ a year · published 29 October 20252019: £35,953 £ a year · published 29 October 20252020: £36,670 £ a year · published 29 October 20252021: £35,590 £ a year · published 29 October 20252022: £37,960 £ a year · published 29 October 20252023: £40,279 £ a year · published 29 October 20252024: £44,981 £ a year · published 23 October 20252025: £45,274 £ a year · published 23 October 2025
Published valueProvisional or revisedLatestUK for comparisonShaded bands: governments (see labels)Hover, tap or use arrow keys to read a value; tap again to unpin
The chart as a table
PeriodMedian annual pay, full-time employees, by area of residenceUK
2008£29,677—
2009£32,365—
2010£31,537—
2011£30,603—
2012£30,797—
2013£31,469—
2014£30,735—
2015£31,396—
2016£32,433—
2017£33,145—
2018£35,988—
2019£35,953—
2020£36,670—
2021£35,590—
2022£37,960—
2023£40,279—
2024£44,981£37,439
2025£45,274£39,039

ONS. Earlier years come from Median annual pay, full-time employees, by area of residence, 2002 to 2023, joined where the modern series has no figure; overlapping periods are never double-counted. Latest: £45,274 (2025). The national series and its methodology.

Median annual pay, male full-time employees, by area of residence

In Greenwich, median annual pay, male full-time employees, by area of residence rose from £47,428 in 2024 to £48,229 in 2025, a change of £801 or 1.7%, in cash terms, not adjusted for inflation (ONS).

Median annual pay, male full-time employees, by area of residence: 2024 to 2025LabourLabour£0£20k£40k20242025UKUK2024: £47,428 £ a year · published 23 October 20252025: £48,229 £ a year · published 23 October 2025
Published valueProvisional or revisedLatestUK for comparisonShaded bands: governments (see labels)Hover, tap or use arrow keys to read a value; tap again to unpin
The chart as a table
PeriodMedian annual pay, male full-time employees, by area of residenceUK
2024£47,428£40,053
2025£48,229£41,832

ONS. Latest: £48,229 (2025). The national series and its methodology.

Median annual pay, female full-time employees, by area of residence

In Greenwich, median annual pay, female full-time employees, by area of residence rose from £40,649 in 2024 to £42,011 in 2025, a change of £1,362 or 3.4%, in cash terms, not adjusted for inflation (ONS).

Median annual pay, female full-time employees, by area of residence: 2024 to 2025LabourLabour£0£20k£40k20242025UKUK2024: £40,649 £ a year · published 23 October 20252025: £42,011 £ a year · published 23 October 2025
Published valueProvisional or revisedLatestUK for comparisonShaded bands: governments (see labels)Hover, tap or use arrow keys to read a value; tap again to unpin
The chart as a table
PeriodMedian annual pay, female full-time employees, by area of residenceUK
2024£40,649£34,001
2025£42,011£35,670

ONS. Latest: £42,011 (2025). The national series and its methodology.

Median weekly pay, full-time employees, by area of residence

In Greenwich, median weekly pay, full-time employees, by area of residence rose from £575 in 2008 to £903 in 2025, a change of £328 or 57.0%, in cash terms, not adjusted for inflation (ONS).

Median weekly pay, full-time employees, by area of residence: 2008 to 2025LabourCoalitionCoalitionConservativeConservativeConservativeConservativeLabour£0£250£500£7502010201520202025UKUK2008: £575 £ a week · published 29 October 20252009: £601 £ a week · published 29 October 20252010: £600 £ a week · published 29 October 20252011: £596 £ a week · published 29 October 20252012: £584 £ a week · published 29 October 20252013: £588 £ a week · published 29 October 20252014: £591 £ a week · published 29 October 20252015: £597 £ a week · published 29 October 20252016: £598 £ a week · published 29 October 20252017: £639 £ a week · published 29 October 20252018: £660 £ a week · published 29 October 20252019: £680 £ a week · published 29 October 20252020: £684 £ a week · published 29 October 20252021: £740 £ a week · published 29 October 20252022: £747 £ a week · published 29 October 20252023: £797 £ a week · published 29 October 20252024: £856 £ a week · published 23 October 20252025: £903 £ a week · published 23 October 2025
Published valueProvisional or revisedLatestUK for comparisonShaded bands: governments (see labels)Hover, tap or use arrow keys to read a value; tap again to unpin
The chart as a table
PeriodMedian weekly pay, full-time employees, by area of residenceUK
2008£575—
2009£601—
2010£600—
2011£596—
2012£584—
2013£588—
2014£591—
2015£597—
2016£598—
2017£639—
2018£660—
2019£680—
2020£684—
2021£740—
2022£747—
2023£797—
2024£856£728
2025£903£767

ONS. Earlier years come from Median weekly pay, full-time employees, by area of residence, 2002 to 2023, joined where the modern series has no figure; overlapping periods are never double-counted. Latest: £903 (2025). The national series and its methodology.

People claiming unemployment-related benefits

In Greenwich, people claiming unemployment-related benefits fell from 15,675 in January 1986 to 12,090 in July 2026, a change of 3,585 or 22.9% (ONS).

People claiming unemployment-related benefits: January 1986 to July 2026ConservativeConservativeConservativeLabourLabourLabourLabourLabourLabourCoalitionConservativeConservativeConservativeLabour05k10k15k1990200020102020Before: Claimants of Unemployment Benefit or of Income Support as an unemployed person. After: Claimants of Jobseeker's Allowance.definition changeBefore: Claimants of Jobseeker's Allowance. After: Claimants of Jobseeker's Allowance plus Universal Credit claimants in the searching for work conditionality group, phased in by area.definition changeJanuary 1986: 15,675 people · published 18 August 2026February 1986: 15,175 people · published 18 August 2026March 1986: 14,790 people · published 18 August 2026April 1986: 15,025 people · published 18 August 2026May 1986: 14,895 people · published 18 August 2026June 1986: 14,820 people · published 18 August 2026July 1986: 14,985 people · published 18 August 2026August 1986: 15,205 people · published 18 August 2026September 1986: 15,040 people · published 18 August 2026October 1986: 14,620 people · published 18 August 2026November 1986: 14,350 people · published 18 August 2026December 1986: 14,395 people · published 18 August 2026January 1987: 14,635 people · published 18 August 2026February 1987: 14,330 people · published 18 August 2026March 1987: 13,905 people · published 18 August 2026April 1987: 13,820 people · published 18 August 2026May 1987: 13,555 people · published 18 August 2026June 1987: 13,190 people · published 18 August 2026July 1987: 13,155 people · published 18 August 2026August 1987: 13,085 people · published 18 August 2026September 1987: 12,845 people · published 18 August 2026October 1987: 12,335 people · published 18 August 2026November 1987: 11,915 people · published 18 August 2026December 1987: 12,180 people · published 18 August 2026January 1988: 12,025 people · published 18 August 2026February 1988: 11,940 people · published 18 August 2026March 1988: 11,705 people · published 18 August 2026April 1988: 11,770 people · published 18 August 2026May 1988: 11,020 people · published 18 August 2026June 1988: 10,685 people · published 18 August 2026July 1988: 10,680 people · published 18 August 2026August 1988: 10,720 people · published 18 August 2026September 1988: 10,895 people · published 18 August 2026October 1988: 9,890 people · published 18 August 2026November 1988: 9,400 people · published 18 August 2026December 1988: 9,390 people · published 18 August 2026January 1989: 9,370 people · published 18 August 2026February 1989: 9,015 people · published 18 August 2026March 1989: 9,005 people · published 18 August 2026April 1989: 8,755 people · published 18 August 2026May 1989: 8,540 people · published 18 August 2026June 1989: 8,345 people · published 18 August 2026July 1989: 8,625 people · published 18 August 2026August 1989: 8,630 people · published 18 August 2026September 1989: 8,355 people · published 18 August 2026October 1989: 8,005 people · published 18 August 2026November 1989: 7,950 people · published 18 August 2026December 1989: 8,000 people · published 18 August 2026January 1990: 8,030 people · published 18 August 2026February 1990: 8,105 people · published 18 August 2026March 1990: 8,135 people · published 18 August 2026April 1990: 8,215 people · published 18 August 2026May 1990: 8,000 people · published 18 August 2026June 1990: 7,985 people · published 18 August 2026July 1990: 8,270 people · published 18 August 2026August 1990: 8,435 people · published 18 August 2026September 1990: 8,590 people · published 18 August 2026October 1990: 8,600 people · published 18 August 2026November 1990: 8,715 people · published 18 August 2026December 1990: 9,465 people · published 18 August 2026January 1991: 9,875 people · published 18 August 2026February 1991: 10,365 people · published 18 August 2026March 1991: 11,025 people · published 18 August 2026April 1991: 11,490 people · published 18 August 2026May 1991: 11,670 people · published 18 August 2026June 1991: 12,145 people · published 18 August 2026July 1991: 12,840 people · published 18 August 2026August 1991: 13,330 people · published 18 August 2026September 1991: 13,340 people · published 18 August 2026October 1991: 13,205 people · published 18 August 2026November 1991: 13,495 people · published 18 August 2026December 1991: 13,890 people · published 18 August 2026January 1992: 14,315 people · published 18 August 2026February 1992: 14,475 people · published 18 August 2026March 1992: 14,500 people · published 18 August 2026April 1992: 14,745 people · published 18 August 2026May 1992: 14,740 people · published 18 August 2026June 1992: 14,735 people · published 18 August 2026July 1992: 15,000 people · published 18 August 2026August 1992: 15,560 people · published 18 August 2026September 1992: 15,630 people · published 18 August 2026October 1992: 15,310 people · published 18 August 2026November 1992: 15,530 people · published 18 August 2026December 1992: 15,930 people · published 18 August 2026January 1993: 16,075 people · published 18 August 2026February 1993: 16,155 people · published 18 August 2026March 1993: 16,265 people · published 18 August 2026April 1993: 16,645 people · published 18 August 2026May 1993: 16,615 people · published 18 August 2026June 1993: 16,485 people · published 18 August 2026July 1993: 16,410 people · published 18 August 2026August 1993: 16,385 people · published 18 August 2026September 1993: 16,350 people · published 18 August 2026October 1993: 15,840 people · published 18 August 2026November 1993: 15,445 people · published 18 August 2026December 1993: 15,450 people · published 18 August 2026January 1994: 15,605 people · published 18 August 2026February 1994: 15,395 people · published 18 August 2026March 1994: 15,315 people · published 18 August 2026April 1994: 15,205 people · published 18 August 2026May 1994: 14,765 people · published 18 August 2026June 1994: 14,450 people · published 18 August 2026July 1994: 14,335 people · published 18 August 2026August 1994: 14,425 people · published 18 August 2026September 1994: 14,400 people · published 18 August 2026October 1994: 13,930 people · published 18 August 2026November 1994: 13,770 people · published 18 August 2026December 1994: 13,750 people · published 18 August 2026January 1995: 13,870 people · published 18 August 2026February 1995: 13,805 people · published 18 August 2026March 1995: 13,575 people · published 18 August 2026April 1995: 13,630 people · published 18 August 2026May 1995: 13,405 people · published 18 August 2026June 1995: 13,260 people · published 18 August 2026July 1995: 13,510 people · published 18 August 2026August 1995: 13,630 people · published 18 August 2026September 1995: 13,470 people · published 18 August 2026October 1995: 12,970 people · published 18 August 2026November 1995: 12,915 people · published 18 August 2026December 1995: 12,950 people · published 18 August 2026January 1996: 13,020 people · published 18 August 2026February 1996: 12,935 people · published 18 August 2026March 1996: 12,780 people · published 18 August 2026April 1996: 12,780 people · published 18 August 2026May 1996: 12,585 people · published 18 August 2026June 1996: 12,415 people · published 18 August 2026July 1996: 12,620 people · published 18 August 2026August 1996: 12,725 people · published 18 August 2026September 1996: 12,510 people · published 18 August 2026October 1996: 11,980 people · published 18 August 2026November 1996: 11,345 people · published 18 August 2026December 1996: 11,405 people · published 18 August 2026January 1997: 11,465 people · published 18 August 2026February 1997: 11,045 people · published 18 August 2026March 1997: 10,715 people · published 18 August 2026April 1997: 10,560 people · published 18 August 2026May 1997: 10,255 people · published 18 August 2026June 1997: 9,970 people · published 18 August 2026July 1997: 9,960 people · published 18 August 2026August 1997: 10,055 people · published 18 August 2026September 1997: 9,780 people · published 18 August 2026October 1997: 9,355 people · published 18 August 2026November 1997: 9,140 people · published 18 August 2026December 1997: 8,960 people · published 18 August 2026January 1998: 8,990 people · published 18 August 2026February 1998: 8,950 people · published 18 August 2026March 1998: 8,860 people · published 18 August 2026April 1998: 8,955 people · published 18 August 2026May 1998: 8,845 people · published 18 August 2026June 1998: 8,740 people · published 18 August 2026July 1998: 8,830 people · published 18 August 2026August 1998: 8,960 people · published 18 August 2026September 1998: 8,765 people · published 18 August 2026October 1998: 8,545 people · published 18 August 2026November 1998: 8,375 people · published 18 August 2026December 1998: 8,490 people · published 18 August 2026January 1999: 8,730 people · published 18 August 2026February 1999: 8,605 people · published 18 August 2026March 1999: 8,350 people · published 18 August 2026April 1999: 8,185 people · published 18 August 2026May 1999: 7,985 people · published 18 August 2026June 1999: 7,910 people · published 18 August 2026July 1999: 7,835 people · published 18 August 2026August 1999: 7,745 people · published 18 August 2026September 1999: 7,715 people · published 18 August 2026October 1999: 7,410 people · published 18 August 2026November 1999: 7,340 people · published 18 August 2026December 1999: 7,165 people · published 18 August 2026January 2000: 7,380 people · published 18 August 2026February 2000: 7,350 people · published 18 August 2026March 2000: 7,140 people · published 18 August 2026April 2000: 6,980 people · published 18 August 2026May 2000: 6,865 people · published 18 August 2026June 2000: 6,730 people · published 18 August 2026July 2000: 6,600 people · published 18 August 2026August 2000: 6,660 people · published 18 August 2026September 2000: 6,435 people · published 18 August 2026October 2000: 6,235 people · published 18 August 2026November 2000: 5,990 people · published 18 August 2026December 2000: 6,040 people · published 18 August 2026January 2001: 6,160 people · published 18 August 2026February 2001: 6,120 people · published 18 August 2026March 2001: 5,950 people · published 18 August 2026April 2001: 5,940 people · published 18 August 2026May 2001: 5,980 people · published 18 August 2026June 2001: 5,885 people · published 18 August 2026July 2001: 5,955 people · published 18 August 2026August 2001: 6,165 people · published 18 August 2026September 2001: 5,950 people · published 18 August 2026October 2001: 5,795 people · published 18 August 2026November 2001: 5,795 people · published 18 August 2026December 2001: 5,945 people · published 18 August 2026January 2002: 6,170 people · published 18 August 2026February 2002: 6,215 people · published 18 August 2026March 2002: 6,120 people · published 18 August 2026April 2002: 6,170 people · published 18 August 2026May 2002: 6,135 people · published 18 August 2026June 2002: 6,135 people · published 18 August 2026July 2002: 6,025 people · published 18 August 2026August 2002: 6,015 people · published 18 August 2026September 2002: 6,050 people · published 18 August 2026October 2002: 5,880 people · published 18 August 2026November 2002: 5,665 people · published 18 August 2026December 2002: 5,725 people · published 18 August 2026January 2003: 5,980 people · published 18 August 2026February 2003: 6,115 people · published 18 August 2026March 2003: 6,075 people · published 18 August 2026April 2003: 6,070 people · published 18 August 2026May 2003: 6,030 people · published 18 August 2026June 2003: 5,980 people · published 18 August 2026July 2003: 5,810 people · published 18 August 2026August 2003: 5,970 people · published 18 August 2026September 2003: 5,885 people · published 18 August 2026October 2003: 5,975 people · published 18 August 2026November 2003: 5,950 people · published 18 August 2026December 2003: 5,980 people · published 18 August 2026January 2004: 6,050 people · published 18 August 2026February 2004: 6,120 people · published 18 August 2026March 2004: 6,095 people · published 18 August 2026April 2004: 6,230 people · published 18 August 2026May 2004: 6,290 people · published 18 August 2026June 2004: 5,945 people · published 18 August 2026July 2004: 5,545 people · published 18 August 2026August 2004: 5,680 people · published 18 August 2026September 2004: 5,610 people · published 18 August 2026October 2004: 5,505 people · published 18 August 2026November 2004: 5,635 people · published 18 August 2026December 2004: 5,805 people · published 18 August 2026January 2005: 5,810 people · published 18 August 2026February 2005: 5,805 people · published 18 August 2026March 2005: 5,925 people · published 18 August 2026April 2005: 5,770 people · published 18 August 2026May 2005: 5,860 people · published 18 August 2026June 2005: 5,865 people · published 18 August 2026July 2005: 5,865 people · published 18 August 2026August 2005: 5,990 people · published 18 August 2026September 2005: 5,920 people · published 18 August 2026October 2005: 5,810 people · published 18 August 2026November 2005: 5,760 people · published 18 August 2026December 2005: 5,825 people · published 18 August 2026January 2006: 6,050 people · published 18 August 2026February 2006: 6,155 people · published 18 August 2026March 2006: 6,155 people · published 18 August 2026April 2006: 6,295 people · published 18 August 2026May 2006: 6,260 people · published 18 August 2026June 2006: 6,185 people · published 18 August 2026July 2006: 6,300 people · published 18 August 2026August 2006: 6,065 people · published 18 August 2026September 2006: 5,840 people · published 18 August 2026October 2006: 5,645 people · published 18 August 2026November 2006: 5,590 people · published 18 August 2026December 2006: 5,665 people · published 18 August 2026January 2007: 5,545 people · published 18 August 2026February 2007: 5,410 people · published 18 August 2026March 2007: 5,430 people · published 18 August 2026April 2007: 5,140 people · published 18 August 2026May 2007: 5,020 people · published 18 August 2026June 2007: 4,850 people · published 18 August 2026July 2007: 5,055 people · published 18 August 2026August 2007: 4,895 people · published 18 August 2026September 2007: 4,730 people · published 18 August 2026October 2007: 4,600 people · published 18 August 2026November 2007: 4,360 people · published 18 August 2026December 2007: 4,215 people · published 18 August 2026January 2008: 4,360 people · published 18 August 2026February 2008: 4,335 people · published 18 August 2026March 2008: 4,280 people · published 18 August 2026April 2008: 4,355 people · published 18 August 2026May 2008: 4,405 people · published 18 August 2026June 2008: 4,425 people · published 18 August 2026July 2008: 4,425 people · published 18 August 2026August 2008: 4,700 people · published 18 August 2026September 2008: 5,205 people · published 18 August 2026October 2008: 5,205 people · published 18 August 2026November 2008: 5,230 people · published 18 August 2026December 2008: 5,665 people · published 18 August 2026January 2009: 6,090 people · published 18 August 2026February 2009: 6,760 people · published 18 August 2026March 2009: 7,080 people · published 18 August 2026April 2009: 7,445 people · published 18 August 2026May 2009: 7,480 people · published 18 August 2026June 2009: 7,200 people · published 18 August 2026July 2009: 7,395 people · published 18 August 2026August 2009: 7,475 people · published 18 August 2026September 2009: 7,680 people · published 18 August 2026October 2009: 7,420 people · published 18 August 2026November 2009: 7,055 people · published 18 August 2026December 2009: 7,080 people · published 18 August 2026January 2010: 7,440 people · published 18 August 2026February 2010: 7,560 people · published 18 August 2026March 2010: 7,535 people · published 18 August 2026April 2010: 7,380 people · published 18 August 2026May 2010: 7,215 people · published 18 August 2026June 2010: 7,210 people · published 18 August 2026July 2010: 7,280 people · published 18 August 2026August 2010: 7,400 people · published 18 August 2026September 2010: 7,480 people · published 18 August 2026October 2010: 7,475 people · published 18 August 2026November 2010: 7,295 people · published 18 August 2026December 2010: 7,250 people · published 18 August 2026January 2011: 7,300 people · published 18 August 2026February 2011: 7,375 people · published 18 August 2026March 2011: 7,465 people · published 18 August 2026April 2011: 7,600 people · published 18 August 2026May 2011: 7,560 people · published 18 August 2026June 2011: 7,420 people · published 18 August 2026July 2011: 7,635 people · published 18 August 2026August 2011: 7,875 people · published 18 August 2026September 2011: 7,975 people · published 18 August 2026October 2011: 8,000 people · published 18 August 2026November 2011: 8,105 people · published 18 August 2026December 2011: 8,045 people · published 18 August 2026January 2012: 8,230 people · published 18 August 2026February 2012: 8,340 people · published 18 August 2026March 2012: 8,225 people · published 18 August 2026April 2012: 8,265 people · published 18 August 2026May 2012: 8,110 people · published 18 August 2026June 2012: 7,815 people · published 18 August 2026July 2012: 7,705 people · published 18 August 2026August 2012: 7,350 people · published 18 August 2026September 2012: 7,650 people · published 18 August 2026October 2012: 7,940 people · published 18 August 2026November 2012: 7,990 people · published 18 August 2026December 2012: 7,895 people · published 18 August 2026January 2013: 7,920 people · published 18 August 2026February 2013: 8,010 people · published 18 August 2026March 2013: 7,850 people · published 18 August 2026April 2013: 7,735 people · published 18 August 2026May 2013: 7,560 people · published 18 August 2026June 2013: 7,260 people · published 18 August 2026July 2013: 7,030 people · published 18 August 2026August 2013: 6,830 people · published 18 August 2026September 2013: 6,595 people · published 18 August 2026October 2013: 6,310 people · published 18 August 2026November 2013: 5,995 people · published 18 August 2026December 2013: 5,965 people · published 18 August 2026January 2014: 6,000 people · published 18 August 2026February 2014: 6,040 people · published 18 August 2026March 2014: 5,850 people · published 18 August 2026April 2014: 5,700 people · published 18 August 2026May 2014: 5,555 people · published 18 August 2026June 2014: 5,185 people · published 18 August 2026July 2014: 5,015 people · published 18 August 2026August 2014: 5,035 people · published 18 August 2026September 2014: 4,900 people · published 18 August 2026October 2014: 4,680 people · published 18 August 2026November 2014: 4,435 people · published 18 August 2026December 2014: 4,285 people · published 18 August 2026January 2015: 4,250 people · published 18 August 2026February 2015: 4,310 people · published 18 August 2026March 2015: 4,235 people · published 18 August 2026April 2015: 4,080 people · published 18 August 2026May 2015: 3,965 people · published 18 August 2026June 2015: 3,850 people · published 18 August 2026July 2015: 3,820 people · published 18 August 2026August 2015: 4,020 people · published 18 August 2026September 2015: 4,035 people · published 18 August 2026October 2015: 3,975 people · published 18 August 2026November 2015: 3,845 people · published 18 August 2026December 2015: 3,835 people · published 18 August 2026January 2016: 3,970 people · published 18 August 2026February 2016: 4,070 people · published 18 August 2026March 2016: 4,060 people · published 18 August 2026April 2016: 4,090 people · published 18 August 2026May 2016: 4,050 people · published 18 August 2026June 2016: 4,020 people · published 18 August 2026July 2016: 3,970 people · published 18 August 2026August 2016: 4,005 people · published 18 August 2026September 2016: 3,995 people · published 18 August 2026October 2016: 3,955 people · published 18 August 2026November 2016: 3,950 people · published 18 August 2026December 2016: 3,870 people · published 18 August 2026January 2017: 3,955 people · published 18 August 2026February 2017: 4,010 people · published 18 August 2026March 2017: 4,170 people · published 18 August 2026April 2017: 4,225 people · published 18 August 2026May 2017: 4,225 people · published 18 August 2026June 2017: 4,205 people · published 18 August 2026July 2017: 4,170 people · published 18 August 2026August 2017: 4,105 people · published 18 August 2026September 2017: 4,115 people · published 18 August 2026October 2017: 4,055 people · published 18 August 2026November 2017: 4,045 people · published 18 August 2026December 2017: 4,030 people · published 18 August 2026January 2018: 4,055 people · published 18 August 2026February 2018: 4,200 people · published 18 August 2026March 2018: 4,310 people · published 18 August 2026April 2018: 4,335 people · published 18 August 2026May 2018: 4,275 people · published 18 August 2026June 2018: 4,165 people · published 18 August 2026July 2018: 4,050 people · published 18 August 2026August 2018: 4,060 people · published 18 August 2026September 2018: 4,025 people · published 18 August 2026October 2018: 3,840 people · published 18 August 2026November 2018: 3,710 people · published 18 August 2026December 2018: 3,950 people · published 18 August 2026January 2019: 4,270 people · published 18 August 2026February 2019: 4,545 people · published 18 August 2026March 2019: 4,810 people · published 18 August 2026April 2019: 5,035 people · published 18 August 2026May 2019: 5,120 people · published 18 August 2026June 2019: 5,440 people · published 18 August 2026July 2019: 5,540 people · published 18 August 2026August 2019: 5,730 people · published 18 August 2026September 2019: 5,840 people · published 18 August 2026October 2019: 6,005 people · published 18 August 2026November 2019: 6,135 people · published 18 August 2026December 2019: 6,040 people · published 18 August 2026January 2020: 6,060 people · published 18 August 2026February 2020: 6,315 people · published 18 August 2026March 2020: 6,420 people · published 18 August 2026April 2020: 10,385 people · published 18 August 2026May 2020: 15,155 people · published 18 August 2026June 2020: 15,010 people · published 18 August 2026July 2020: 15,405 people · published 18 August 2026August 2020: 15,820 people · published 18 August 2026September 2020: 16,035 people · published 18 August 2026October 2020: 15,530 people · published 18 August 2026November 2020: 15,925 people · published 18 August 2026December 2020: 16,070 people · published 18 August 2026January 2021: 15,840 people · published 18 August 2026February 2021: 16,580 people · published 18 August 2026March 2021: 16,640 people · published 18 August 2026April 2021: 16,495 people · published 18 August 2026May 2021: 15,625 people · published 18 August 2026June 2021: 14,525 people · published 18 August 2026July 2021: 14,270 people · published 18 August 2026August 2021: 13,720 people · published 18 August 2026September 2021: 13,040 people · published 18 August 2026October 2021: 12,435 people · published 18 August 2026November 2021: 11,755 people · published 18 August 2026December 2021: 11,365 people · published 18 August 2026January 2022: 11,000 people · published 18 August 2026February 2022: 11,005 people · published 18 August 2026March 2022: 10,685 people · published 18 August 2026April 2022: 10,270 people · published 18 August 2026May 2022: 10,045 people · published 18 August 2026June 2022: 9,850 people · published 18 August 2026July 2022: 9,555 people · published 18 August 2026August 2022: 9,520 people · published 18 August 2026September 2022: 9,620 people · published 18 August 2026October 2022: 9,455 people · published 18 August 2026November 2022: 9,465 people · published 18 August 2026December 2022: 9,455 people · published 18 August 2026January 2023: 9,185 people · published 18 August 2026February 2023: 9,355 people · published 18 August 2026March 2023: 9,555 people · published 18 August 2026April 2023: 9,755 people · published 18 August 2026May 2023: 9,535 people · published 18 August 2026June 2023: 9,720 people · published 18 August 2026July 2023: 9,930 people · published 18 August 2026August 2023: 9,925 people · published 18 August 2026September 2023: 10,075 people · published 18 August 2026October 2023: 10,020 people · published 18 August 2026November 2023: 9,875 people · published 18 August 2026December 2023: 10,120 people · published 18 August 2026January 2024: 10,215 people · published 18 August 2026February 2024: 10,450 people · published 18 August 2026March 2024: 10,380 people · published 18 August 2026April 2024: 10,305 people · published 18 August 2026May 2024: 10,450 people · published 18 August 2026June 2024: 10,665 people · published 18 August 2026July 2024: 11,145 people · published 18 August 2026August 2024: 11,225 people · published 18 August 2026September 2024: 11,405 people · published 18 August 2026October 2024: 11,495 people · published 18 August 2026November 2024: 11,425 people · published 18 August 2026December 2024: 11,340 people · published 18 August 2026January 2025: 11,275 people · published 18 August 2026February 2025: 11,695 people · published 18 August 2026March 2025: 11,795 people · published 18 August 2026April 2025: 11,780 people · published 18 August 2026May 2025: 11,895 people · published 18 August 2026June 2025: 12,115 people · published 18 August 2026July 2025: 11,945 people · published 18 August 2026August 2025: 11,740 people · published 18 August 2026September 2025: 11,730 people · published 18 August 2026October 2025: 11,755 people · published 18 August 2026November 2025: 11,740 people · published 18 August 2026December 2025: 11,650 people · published 18 August 2026January 2026: 11,525 people · published 18 August 2026February 2026: 11,795 people · published 18 August 2026March 2026: 11,740 people · published 18 August 2026April 2026: 11,735 people · published 18 August 2026May 2026: 11,945 people · published 18 August 2026June 2026: 11,935 people · published 18 August 2026July 2026: 12,090 people · published 18 August 2026
Published valueProvisional or revisedLatestDashed line: change in coverage or methodShaded bands: governments (see labels)Hover, tap or use arrow keys to read a value; tap again to unpin
The chart as a table
PeriodPeople claiming unemployment-related benefits
January 198615,675 people
February 198615,175 people
March 198614,790 people
April 198615,025 people
May 198614,895 people
June 198614,820 people
July 198614,985 people
August 198615,205 people
September 198615,040 people
October 198614,620 people
November 198614,350 people
December 198614,395 people
January 198714,635 people
February 198714,330 people
March 198713,905 people
April 198713,820 people
May 198713,555 people
June 198713,190 people
July 198713,155 people
August 198713,085 people
September 198712,845 people
October 198712,335 people
November 198711,915 people
December 198712,180 people
January 198812,025 people
February 198811,940 people
March 198811,705 people
April 198811,770 people
May 198811,020 people
June 198810,685 people
July 198810,680 people
August 198810,720 people
September 198810,895 people
October 19889,890 people
November 19889,400 people
December 19889,390 people
January 19899,370 people
February 19899,015 people
March 19899,005 people
April 19898,755 people
May 19898,540 people
June 19898,345 people
July 19898,625 people
August 19898,630 people
September 19898,355 people
October 19898,005 people
November 19897,950 people
December 19898,000 people
January 19908,030 people
February 19908,105 people
March 19908,135 people
April 19908,215 people
May 19908,000 people
June 19907,985 people
July 19908,270 people
August 19908,435 people
September 19908,590 people
October 19908,600 people
November 19908,715 people
December 19909,465 people
January 19919,875 people
February 199110,365 people
March 199111,025 people
April 199111,490 people
May 199111,670 people
June 199112,145 people
July 199112,840 people
August 199113,330 people
September 199113,340 people
October 199113,205 people
November 199113,495 people
December 199113,890 people
January 199214,315 people
February 199214,475 people
March 199214,500 people
April 199214,745 people
May 199214,740 people
June 199214,735 people
July 199215,000 people
August 199215,560 people
September 199215,630 people
October 199215,310 people
November 199215,530 people
December 199215,930 people
January 199316,075 people
February 199316,155 people
March 199316,265 people
April 199316,645 people
May 199316,615 people
June 199316,485 people
July 199316,410 people
August 199316,385 people
September 199316,350 people
October 199315,840 people
November 199315,445 people
December 199315,450 people
January 199415,605 people
February 199415,395 people
March 199415,315 people
April 199415,205 people
May 199414,765 people
June 199414,450 people
July 199414,335 people
August 199414,425 people
September 199414,400 people
October 199413,930 people
November 199413,770 people
December 199413,750 people
January 199513,870 people
February 199513,805 people
March 199513,575 people
April 199513,630 people
May 199513,405 people
June 199513,260 people
July 199513,510 people
August 199513,630 people
September 199513,470 people
October 199512,970 people
November 199512,915 people
December 199512,950 people
January 199613,020 people
February 199612,935 people
March 199612,780 people
April 199612,780 people
May 199612,585 people
June 199612,415 people
July 199612,620 people
August 199612,725 people
September 199612,510 people
October 199611,980 people
November 199611,345 people
December 199611,405 people
January 199711,465 people
February 199711,045 people
March 199710,715 people
April 199710,560 people
May 199710,255 people
June 19979,970 people
July 19979,960 people
August 199710,055 people
September 19979,780 people
October 19979,355 people
November 19979,140 people
December 19978,960 people
January 19988,990 people
February 19988,950 people
March 19988,860 people
April 19988,955 people
May 19988,845 people
June 19988,740 people
July 19988,830 people
August 19988,960 people
September 19988,765 people
October 19988,545 people
November 19988,375 people
December 19988,490 people
January 19998,730 people
February 19998,605 people
March 19998,350 people
April 19998,185 people
May 19997,985 people
June 19997,910 people
July 19997,835 people
August 19997,745 people
September 19997,715 people
October 19997,410 people
November 19997,340 people
December 19997,165 people
January 20007,380 people
February 20007,350 people
March 20007,140 people
April 20006,980 people
May 20006,865 people
June 20006,730 people
July 20006,600 people
August 20006,660 people
September 20006,435 people
October 20006,235 people
November 20005,990 people
December 20006,040 people
January 20016,160 people
February 20016,120 people
March 20015,950 people
April 20015,940 people
May 20015,980 people
June 20015,885 people
July 20015,955 people
August 20016,165 people
September 20015,950 people
October 20015,795 people
November 20015,795 people
December 20015,945 people
January 20026,170 people
February 20026,215 people
March 20026,120 people
April 20026,170 people
May 20026,135 people
June 20026,135 people
July 20026,025 people
August 20026,015 people
September 20026,050 people
October 20025,880 people
November 20025,665 people
December 20025,725 people
January 20035,980 people
February 20036,115 people
March 20036,075 people
April 20036,070 people
May 20036,030 people
June 20035,980 people
July 20035,810 people
August 20035,970 people
September 20035,885 people
October 20035,975 people
November 20035,950 people
December 20035,980 people
January 20046,050 people
February 20046,120 people
March 20046,095 people
April 20046,230 people
May 20046,290 people
June 20045,945 people
July 20045,545 people
August 20045,680 people
September 20045,610 people
October 20045,505 people
November 20045,635 people
December 20045,805 people
January 20055,810 people
February 20055,805 people
March 20055,925 people
April 20055,770 people
May 20055,860 people
June 20055,865 people
July 20055,865 people
August 20055,990 people
September 20055,920 people
October 20055,810 people
November 20055,760 people
December 20055,825 people
January 20066,050 people
February 20066,155 people
March 20066,155 people
April 20066,295 people
May 20066,260 people
June 20066,185 people
July 20066,300 people
August 20066,065 people
September 20065,840 people
October 20065,645 people
November 20065,590 people
December 20065,665 people
January 20075,545 people
February 20075,410 people
March 20075,430 people
April 20075,140 people
May 20075,020 people
June 20074,850 people
July 20075,055 people
August 20074,895 people
September 20074,730 people
October 20074,600 people
November 20074,360 people
December 20074,215 people
January 20084,360 people
February 20084,335 people
March 20084,280 people
April 20084,355 people
May 20084,405 people
June 20084,425 people
July 20084,425 people
August 20084,700 people
September 20085,205 people
October 20085,205 people
November 20085,230 people
December 20085,665 people
January 20096,090 people
February 20096,760 people
March 20097,080 people
April 20097,445 people
May 20097,480 people
June 20097,200 people
July 20097,395 people
August 20097,475 people
September 20097,680 people
October 20097,420 people
November 20097,055 people
December 20097,080 people
January 20107,440 people
February 20107,560 people
March 20107,535 people
April 20107,380 people
May 20107,215 people
June 20107,210 people
July 20107,280 people
August 20107,400 people
September 20107,480 people
October 20107,475 people
November 20107,295 people
December 20107,250 people
January 20117,300 people
February 20117,375 people
March 20117,465 people
April 20117,600 people
May 20117,560 people
June 20117,420 people
July 20117,635 people
August 20117,875 people
September 20117,975 people
October 20118,000 people
November 20118,105 people
December 20118,045 people
January 20128,230 people
February 20128,340 people
March 20128,225 people
April 20128,265 people
May 20128,110 people
June 20127,815 people
July 20127,705 people
August 20127,350 people
September 20127,650 people
October 20127,940 people
November 20127,990 people
December 20127,895 people
January 20137,920 people
February 20138,010 people
March 20137,850 people
April 20137,735 people
May 20137,560 people
June 20137,260 people
July 20137,030 people
August 20136,830 people
September 20136,595 people
October 20136,310 people
November 20135,995 people
December 20135,965 people
January 20146,000 people
February 20146,040 people
March 20145,850 people
April 20145,700 people
May 20145,555 people
June 20145,185 people
July 20145,015 people
August 20145,035 people
September 20144,900 people
October 20144,680 people
November 20144,435 people
December 20144,285 people
January 20154,250 people
February 20154,310 people
March 20154,235 people
April 20154,080 people
May 20153,965 people
June 20153,850 people
July 20153,820 people
August 20154,020 people
September 20154,035 people
October 20153,975 people
November 20153,845 people
December 20153,835 people
January 20163,970 people
February 20164,070 people
March 20164,060 people
April 20164,090 people
May 20164,050 people
June 20164,020 people
July 20163,970 people
August 20164,005 people
September 20163,995 people
October 20163,955 people
November 20163,950 people
December 20163,870 people
January 20173,955 people
February 20174,010 people
March 20174,170 people
April 20174,225 people
May 20174,225 people
June 20174,205 people
July 20174,170 people
August 20174,105 people
September 20174,115 people
October 20174,055 people
November 20174,045 people
December 20174,030 people
January 20184,055 people
February 20184,200 people
March 20184,310 people
April 20184,335 people
May 20184,275 people
June 20184,165 people
July 20184,050 people
August 20184,060 people
September 20184,025 people
October 20183,840 people
November 20183,710 people
December 20183,950 people
January 20194,270 people
February 20194,545 people
March 20194,810 people
April 20195,035 people
May 20195,120 people
June 20195,440 people
July 20195,540 people
August 20195,730 people
September 20195,840 people
October 20196,005 people
November 20196,135 people
December 20196,040 people
January 20206,060 people
February 20206,315 people
March 20206,420 people
April 202010,385 people
May 202015,155 people
June 202015,010 people
July 202015,405 people
August 202015,820 people
September 202016,035 people
October 202015,530 people
November 202015,925 people
December 202016,070 people
January 202115,840 people
February 202116,580 people
March 202116,640 people
April 202116,495 people
May 202115,625 people
June 202114,525 people
July 202114,270 people
August 202113,720 people
September 202113,040 people
October 202112,435 people
November 202111,755 people
December 202111,365 people
January 202211,000 people
February 202211,005 people
March 202210,685 people
April 202210,270 people
May 202210,045 people
June 20229,850 people
July 20229,555 people
August 20229,520 people
September 20229,620 people
October 20229,455 people
November 20229,465 people
December 20229,455 people
January 20239,185 people
February 20239,355 people
March 20239,555 people
April 20239,755 people
May 20239,535 people
June 20239,720 people
July 20239,930 people
August 20239,925 people
September 202310,075 people
October 202310,020 people
November 20239,875 people
December 202310,120 people
January 202410,215 people
February 202410,450 people
March 202410,380 people
April 202410,305 people
May 202410,450 people
June 202410,665 people
July 202411,145 people
August 202411,225 people
September 202411,405 people
October 202411,495 people
November 202411,425 people
December 202411,340 people
January 202511,275 people
February 202511,695 people
March 202511,795 people
April 202511,780 people
May 202511,895 people
June 202512,115 people
July 202511,945 people
August 202511,740 people
September 202511,730 people
October 202511,755 people
November 202511,740 people
December 202511,650 people
January 202611,525 people
February 202611,795 people
March 202611,740 people
April 202611,735 people
May 202611,945 people
June 202611,935 people
July 202612,090 people

ONS. Latest: 12,090 (July 2026). The national series and its methodology.

Claimants as a proportion of residents aged 16 to 64

In Greenwich, claimants as a proportion of residents aged 16 to 64 fell from 10.7% in January 1992 to 5.8% in July 2026, a change of 4.9% or 45.8% (ONS).

Claimants as a proportion of residents aged 16 to 64: January 1992 to July 2026ConservativeConservativeLabourLabourLabourLabourLabourLabourCoalitionCoalitionConservativeConservativeConservativeLabour0%5%10%200020102020Before: Jobseeker's Allowance claimants as a proportion of residents aged 16 to 64. After: Jobseeker's Allowance and searching-for-work Universal Credit claimants as a proportion of residents aged 16 to 64, phased in by area.definition changeUKUKJanuary 1992: 10.7% percent · published 18 August 2026February 1992: 10.8% percent · published 18 August 2026March 1992: 10.8% percent · published 18 August 2026April 1992: 11% percent · published 18 August 2026May 1992: 11% percent · published 18 August 2026June 1992: 11% percent · published 18 August 2026July 1992: 11.2% percent · published 18 August 2026August 1992: 11.6% percent · published 18 August 2026September 1992: 11.7% percent · published 18 August 2026October 1992: 11.5% percent · published 18 August 2026November 1992: 11.6% percent · published 18 August 2026December 1992: 11.9% percent · published 18 August 2026January 1993: 12.1% percent · published 18 August 2026February 1993: 12.1% percent · published 18 August 2026March 1993: 12.2% percent · published 18 August 2026April 1993: 12.5% percent · published 18 August 2026May 1993: 12.5% percent · published 18 August 2026June 1993: 12.4% percent · published 18 August 2026July 1993: 12.3% percent · published 18 August 2026August 1993: 12.3% percent · published 18 August 2026September 1993: 12.3% percent · published 18 August 2026October 1993: 11.9% percent · published 18 August 2026November 1993: 11.6% percent · published 18 August 2026December 1993: 11.6% percent · published 18 August 2026January 1994: 11.8% percent · published 18 August 2026February 1994: 11.6% percent · published 18 August 2026March 1994: 11.6% percent · published 18 August 2026April 1994: 11.5% percent · published 18 August 2026May 1994: 11.2% percent · published 18 August 2026June 1994: 10.9% percent · published 18 August 2026July 1994: 10.8% percent · published 18 August 2026August 1994: 10.9% percent · published 18 August 2026September 1994: 10.9% percent · published 18 August 2026October 1994: 10.5% percent · published 18 August 2026November 1994: 10.4% percent · published 18 August 2026December 1994: 10.4% percent · published 18 August 2026January 1995: 10.5% percent · published 18 August 2026February 1995: 10.5% percent · published 18 August 2026March 1995: 10.3% percent · published 18 August 2026April 1995: 10.3% percent · published 18 August 2026May 1995: 10.2% percent · published 18 August 2026June 1995: 10% percent · published 18 August 2026July 1995: 10.2% percent · published 18 August 2026August 1995: 10.3% percent · published 18 August 2026September 1995: 10.2% percent · published 18 August 2026October 1995: 9.8% percent · published 18 August 2026November 1995: 9.8% percent · published 18 August 2026December 1995: 9.8% percent · published 18 August 2026January 1996: 9.8% percent · published 18 August 2026February 1996: 9.7% percent · published 18 August 2026March 1996: 9.6% percent · published 18 August 2026April 1996: 9.6% percent · published 18 August 2026May 1996: 9.5% percent · published 18 August 2026June 1996: 9.3% percent · published 18 August 2026July 1996: 9.5% percent · published 18 August 2026August 1996: 9.6% percent · published 18 August 2026September 1996: 9.4% percent · published 18 August 2026October 1996: 9% percent · published 18 August 2026November 1996: 8.5% percent · published 18 August 2026December 1996: 8.6% percent · published 18 August 2026January 1997: 8.5% percent · published 18 August 2026February 1997: 8.2% percent · published 18 August 2026March 1997: 8% percent · published 18 August 2026April 1997: 7.8% percent · published 18 August 2026May 1997: 7.6% percent · published 18 August 2026June 1997: 7.4% percent · published 18 August 2026July 1997: 7.4% percent · published 18 August 2026August 1997: 7.5% percent · published 18 August 2026September 1997: 7.3% percent · published 18 August 2026October 1997: 6.9% percent · published 18 August 2026November 1997: 6.8% percent · published 18 August 2026December 1997: 6.7% percent · published 18 August 2026January 1998: 6.6% percent · published 18 August 2026February 1998: 6.6% percent · published 18 August 2026March 1998: 6.5% percent · published 18 August 2026April 1998: 6.6% percent · published 18 August 2026May 1998: 6.5% percent · published 18 August 2026June 1998: 6.4% percent · published 18 August 2026July 1998: 6.5% percent · published 18 August 2026August 1998: 6.6% percent · published 18 August 2026September 1998: 6.4% percent · published 18 August 2026October 1998: 6.3% percent · published 18 August 2026November 1998: 6.2% percent · published 18 August 2026December 1998: 6.2% percent · published 18 August 2026January 1999: 6.4% percent · published 18 August 2026February 1999: 6.3% percent · published 18 August 2026March 1999: 6.1% percent · published 18 August 2026April 1999: 6% percent · published 18 August 2026May 1999: 5.8% percent · published 18 August 2026June 1999: 5.8% percent · published 18 August 2026July 1999: 5.7% percent · published 18 August 2026August 1999: 5.7% percent · published 18 August 2026September 1999: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026October 1999: 5.4% percent · published 18 August 2026November 1999: 5.4% percent · published 18 August 2026December 1999: 5.2% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2000: 5.3% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2000: 5.3% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2000: 5.1% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2000: 5% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2000: 4.9% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2000: 4.8% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2000: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2000: 4.8% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2000: 4.6% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2000: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2000: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2000: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2001: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2001: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2001: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2001: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2001: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2001: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2001: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2001: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2001: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2001: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2001: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2001: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2002: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2002: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2002: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2002: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2002: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2002: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2002: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2002: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2002: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2002: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2002: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2002: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2003: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2003: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2003: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2003: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2003: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2003: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2003: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2003: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2003: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2003: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2003: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2003: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2004: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2004: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2004: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2004: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2004: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2004: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2004: 3.6% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2004: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2004: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2004: 3.6% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2004: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2004: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2005: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2005: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2005: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2005: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2005: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2005: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2005: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2005: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2005: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2005: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2005: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2005: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2006: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2006: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2006: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2006: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2006: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2006: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2006: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2006: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2006: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2006: 3.6% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2006: 3.5% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2006: 3.6% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2007: 3.5% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2007: 3.4% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2007: 3.4% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2007: 3.2% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2007: 3.1% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2007: 3% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2007: 3.2% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2007: 3.1% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2007: 3% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2007: 2.9% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2007: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2007: 2.6% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2008: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2008: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2008: 2.6% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2008: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2008: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2008: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2008: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2008: 2.9% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2008: 3.2% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2008: 3.2% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2008: 3.2% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2008: 3.5% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2009: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2009: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2009: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2009: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2009: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2009: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2009: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2009: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2009: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2009: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2009: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2009: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2010: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2010: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2010: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2010: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2010: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2010: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2010: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2010: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2010: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2010: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2010: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2010: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2011: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2011: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2011: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2011: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2011: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2011: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2011: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2011: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2011: 4.6% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2011: 4.6% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2011: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2011: 4.6% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2012: 4.6% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2012: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2012: 4.6% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2012: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2012: 4.6% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2012: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2012: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2012: 4.1% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2012: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2012: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2012: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2012: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2013: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2013: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2013: 4.4% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2013: 4.3% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2013: 4.2% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2013: 4% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2013: 3.9% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2013: 3.8% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2013: 3.7% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2013: 3.5% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2013: 3.3% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2013: 3.3% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2014: 3.3% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2014: 3.3% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2014: 3.2% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2014: 3.1% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2014: 3% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2014: 2.8% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2014: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2014: 2.8% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2014: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2014: 2.6% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2014: 2.4% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2014: 2.3% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2015: 2.3% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2015: 2.3% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2015: 2.3% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2015: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2015: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2015: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2015: 2% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2015: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2015: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2015: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2015: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2015: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2016: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2016: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2016: 2% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2017: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2017: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2017: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2017: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2017: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2017: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2017: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2017: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2017: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2017: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2017: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2017: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2018: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2018: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2018: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2018: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2018: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2018: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2018: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2018: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2018: 2.1% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2018: 2% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2018: 1.9% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2018: 2% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2019: 2.2% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2019: 2.3% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2019: 2.4% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2019: 2.5% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2019: 2.6% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2019: 2.7% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2019: 2.8% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2019: 2.9% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2019: 3% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2019: 3% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2019: 3.1% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2019: 3.1% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2020: 3.1% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2020: 3.2% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2020: 3.2% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2020: 5.2% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2020: 7.6% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2020: 7.6% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2020: 7.8% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2020: 8% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2020: 8.1% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2020: 7.8% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2020: 8% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2020: 8.1% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2021: 7.9% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2021: 8.3% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2021: 8.3% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2021: 8.3% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2021: 7.8% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2021: 7.3% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2021: 7.1% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2021: 6.9% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2021: 6.5% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2021: 6.2% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2021: 5.9% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2021: 5.7% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2022: 5.4% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2022: 5.4% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2022: 5.3% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2022: 5.1% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2022: 5% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2022: 4.9% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2022: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2022: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2022: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2022: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2022: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2022: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2023: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2023: 4.5% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2023: 4.6% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2023: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2023: 4.6% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2023: 4.7% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2023: 4.8% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2023: 4.8% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2023: 4.9% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2023: 4.9% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2023: 4.8% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2023: 4.9% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2024: 4.9% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2024: 5% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2024: 5% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2024: 4.9% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2024: 5% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2024: 5.1% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2024: 5.3% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2024: 5.4% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2024: 5.5% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2024: 5.5% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2024: 5.5% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2024: 5.4% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2025: 5.4% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2025: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2025: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2025: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2025: 5.7% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2025: 5.8% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2025: 5.7% percent · published 18 August 2026August 2025: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026September 2025: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026October 2025: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026November 2025: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026December 2025: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026January 2026: 5.5% percent · published 18 August 2026February 2026: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026March 2026: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026April 2026: 5.6% percent · published 18 August 2026May 2026: 5.7% percent · published 18 August 2026June 2026: 5.7% percent · published 18 August 2026July 2026: 5.8% percent · published 18 August 2026
Published valueProvisional or revisedLatestUK for comparisonDashed line: change in coverage or methodShaded bands: governments (see labels)Hover, tap or use arrow keys to read a value; tap again to unpin
The chart as a table
PeriodClaimants as a proportion of residents aged 16 to 64UK
January 199210.7%—
February 199210.8%—
March 199210.8%—
April 199211%—
May 199211%—
June 199211%—
July 199211.2%—
August 199211.6%—
September 199211.7%—
October 199211.5%—
November 199211.6%—
December 199211.9%—
January 199312.1%—
February 199312.1%—
March 199312.2%—
April 199312.5%—
May 199312.5%—
June 199312.4%—
July 199312.3%—
August 199312.3%—
September 199312.3%—
October 199311.9%—
November 199311.6%—
December 199311.6%—
January 199411.8%—
February 199411.6%—
March 199411.6%—
April 199411.5%—
May 199411.2%—
June 199410.9%—
July 199410.8%—
August 199410.9%—
September 199410.9%—
October 199410.5%—
November 199410.4%—
December 199410.4%—
January 199510.5%—
February 199510.5%—
March 199510.3%—
April 199510.3%—
May 199510.2%—
June 199510%—
July 199510.2%—
August 199510.3%—
September 199510.2%—
October 19959.8%—
November 19959.8%—
December 19959.8%—
January 19969.8%6.3%
February 19969.7%6.2%
March 19969.6%6%
April 19969.6%6%
May 19969.5%5.8%
June 19969.3%5.7%
July 19969.5%5.8%
August 19969.6%5.9%
September 19969.4%5.7%
October 19969%5.4%
November 19968.5%5.1%
December 19968.6%5.1%
January 19978.5%5.1%
February 19978.2%4.9%
March 19978%4.7%
April 19977.8%4.6%
May 19977.6%4.4%
June 19977.4%4.2%
July 19977.4%4.3%
August 19977.5%4.3%
September 19977.3%4.1%
October 19976.9%3.9%
November 19976.8%3.7%
December 19976.7%3.8%
January 19986.6%4%
February 19986.6%3.9%
March 19986.5%3.8%
April 19986.6%3.7%
May 19986.5%3.6%
June 19986.4%3.6%
July 19986.5%3.7%
August 19986.6%3.7%
September 19986.4%3.6%
October 19986.3%3.5%
November 19986.2%3.4%
December 19986.2%3.5%
January 19996.4%3.7%
February 19996.3%3.7%
March 19996.1%3.6%
April 19996%3.5%
May 19995.8%3.4%
June 19995.8%3.3%
July 19995.7%3.4%
August 19995.7%3.4%
September 19995.6%3.3%
October 19995.4%3.1%
November 19995.4%3.1%
December 19995.2%3%
January 20005.3%3.3%
February 20005.3%3.3%
March 20005.1%3.2%
April 20005%3%
May 20004.9%2.9%
June 20004.8%2.9%
July 20004.7%2.9%
August 20004.8%2.9%
September 20004.6%2.8%
October 20004.5%2.7%
November 20004.3%2.7%
December 20004.3%2.7%
January 20014.3%2.8%
February 20014.3%2.8%
March 20014.2%2.7%
April 20014.2%2.7%
May 20014.2%2.6%
June 20014.1%2.5%
July 20014.2%2.5%
August 20014.3%2.6%
September 20014.2%2.5%
October 20014%2.4%
November 20014.1%2.4%
December 20014.2%2.5%
January 20024.2%2.7%
February 20024.2%2.7%
March 20024.2%2.6%
April 20024.2%2.6%
May 20024.2%2.5%
June 20024.2%2.5%
July 20024.1%2.5%
August 20024.1%2.5%
September 20024.1%2.5%
October 20024%2.4%
November 20023.9%2.4%
December 20023.9%2.4%
January 20034%2.6%
February 20034.1%2.6%
March 20034.1%2.6%
April 20034.1%2.5%
May 20034%2.5%
June 20034%2.4%
July 20033.9%2.5%
August 20034%2.5%
September 20033.9%2.4%
October 20034%2.3%
November 20034%2.3%
December 20034%2.3%
January 20044%2.5%
February 20044%2.5%
March 20044%2.4%
April 20044.1%2.3%
May 20044.1%2.2%
June 20043.9%2.2%
July 20043.6%2.2%
August 20043.7%2.2%
September 20043.7%2.1%
October 20043.6%2.1%
November 20043.7%2.1%
December 20043.8%2.1%
January 20053.7%2.2%
February 20053.7%2.3%
March 20053.8%2.3%
April 20053.7%2.2%
May 20053.8%2.2%
June 20053.8%2.2%
July 20053.8%2.2%
August 20053.9%2.3%
September 20053.8%2.2%
October 20053.7%2.2%
November 20053.7%2.2%
December 20053.8%2.3%
January 20063.8%2.4%
February 20063.9%2.5%
March 20063.9%2.5%
April 20064%2.5%
May 20064%2.4%
June 20063.9%2.4%
July 20064%2.4%
August 20063.8%2.4%
September 20063.7%2.4%
October 20063.6%2.4%
November 20063.5%2.3%
December 20063.6%2.3%
January 20073.5%2.4%
February 20073.4%2.4%
March 20073.4%2.4%
April 20073.2%2.3%
May 20073.1%2.2%
June 20073%2.1%
July 20073.2%2.1%
August 20073.1%2.1%
September 20073%2.1%
October 20072.9%2%
November 20072.7%2%
December 20072.6%2%
January 20082.7%2.1%
February 20082.7%2.1%
March 20082.6%2.1%
April 20082.7%2.1%
May 20082.7%2.1%
June 20082.7%2.1%
July 20082.7%2.2%
August 20082.9%2.3%
September 20083.2%2.3%
October 20083.2%2.4%
November 20083.2%2.6%
December 20083.5%2.9%
January 20093.7%3.2%
February 20094.1%3.6%
March 20094.3%3.8%
April 20094.5%3.9%
May 20094.5%3.9%
June 20094.4%3.8%
July 20094.5%3.9%
August 20094.5%4%
September 20094.7%3.9%
October 20094.5%3.9%
November 20094.3%3.9%
December 20094.3%3.9%
January 20104.4%4.1%
February 20104.5%4.1%
March 20104.5%4%
April 20104.4%3.9%
May 20104.3%3.7%
June 20104.3%3.5%
July 20104.3%3.5%
August 20104.4%3.6%
September 20104.4%3.5%
October 20104.4%3.5%
November 20104.3%3.5%
December 20104.3%3.5%
January 20114.2%3.7%
February 20114.2%3.8%
March 20114.3%3.7%
April 20114.4%3.7%
May 20114.4%3.7%
June 20114.3%3.6%
July 20114.4%3.8%
August 20114.5%3.9%
September 20114.6%3.9%
October 20114.6%3.8%
November 20114.7%3.8%
December 20114.6%3.8%
January 20124.6%4%
February 20124.7%4.1%
March 20124.6%4.1%
April 20124.7%4%
May 20124.6%3.9%
June 20124.4%3.8%
July 20124.4%3.8%
August 20124.1%3.8%
September 20124.3%3.8%
October 20124.5%3.8%
November 20124.5%3.8%
December 20124.5%3.7%
January 20134.4%3.9%
February 20134.5%3.9%
March 20134.4%3.9%
April 20134.3%3.8%
May 20134.2%3.6%
June 20134%3.5%
July 20133.9%3.5%
August 20133.8%3.4%
September 20133.7%3.2%
October 20133.5%3.1%
November 20133.3%3%
December 20133.3%2.9%
January 20143.3%3%
February 20143.3%3%
March 20143.2%2.9%
April 20143.1%2.8%
May 20143%2.7%
June 20142.8%2.5%
July 20142.7%2.4%
August 20142.8%2.4%
September 20142.7%2.3%
October 20142.6%2.2%
November 20142.4%2.1%
December 20142.3%2%
January 20152.3%2.1%
February 20152.3%2.1%
March 20152.3%2.1%
April 20152.2%2%
May 20152.1%2%
June 20152.1%1.9%
July 20152%1.9%
August 20152.2%1.9%
September 20152.2%1.9%
October 20152.1%1.8%
November 20152.1%1.8%
December 20152.1%1.8%
January 20162.1%1.9%
February 20162.1%1.9%
March 20162.1%1.9%
April 20162.2%1.9%
May 20162.1%1.9%
June 20162.1%1.8%
July 20162.1%1.8%
August 20162.1%1.9%
September 20162.1%1.8%
October 20162.1%1.8%
November 20162.1%1.8%
December 20162%1.8%
January 20172.1%1.8%
February 20172.1%1.9%
March 20172.2%2%
April 20172.2%2%
May 20172.2%1.9%
June 20172.2%1.9%
July 20172.2%1.9%
August 20172.1%1.9%
September 20172.1%1.9%
October 20172.1%1.9%
November 20172.1%1.9%
December 20172.1%1.9%
January 20182.1%2%
February 20182.1%2.1%
March 20182.2%2.1%
April 20182.2%2.2%
May 20182.2%2.1%
June 20182.1%2.1%
July 20182.1%2.1%
August 20182.1%2.2%
September 20182.1%2.2%
October 20182%2.2%
November 20181.9%2.3%
December 20182%2.3%
January 20192.2%2.4%
February 20192.3%2.5%
March 20192.4%2.6%
April 20192.5%2.6%
May 20192.6%2.7%
June 20192.7%2.7%
July 20192.8%2.7%
August 20192.9%2.8%
September 20193%2.8%
October 20193%2.8%
November 20193.1%2.9%
December 20193.1%2.9%
January 20203.1%2.9%
February 20203.2%3%
March 20203.2%3%
April 20205.2%5%
May 20207.6%6.3%
June 20207.6%6.2%
July 20207.8%6.3%
August 20208%6.4%
September 20208.1%6.3%
October 20207.8%6.1%
November 20208%6.2%
December 20208.1%6.2%
January 20217.9%6.1%
February 20218.3%6.4%
March 20218.3%6.3%
April 20218.3%6.2%
May 20217.8%5.8%
June 20217.3%5.4%
July 20217.1%5.3%
August 20216.9%5.1%
September 20216.5%4.8%
October 20216.2%4.6%
November 20215.9%4.5%
December 20215.7%4.3%
January 20225.4%4.2%
February 20225.4%4.2%
March 20225.3%4%
April 20225.1%3.8%
May 20225%3.7%
June 20224.9%3.6%
July 20224.7%3.6%
August 20224.7%3.6%
September 20224.7%3.6%
October 20224.7%3.5%
November 20224.7%3.5%
December 20224.7%3.6%
January 20234.5%3.5%
February 20234.5%3.5%
March 20234.6%3.6%
April 20234.7%3.7%
May 20234.6%3.6%
June 20234.7%3.6%
July 20234.8%3.6%
August 20234.8%3.6%
September 20234.9%3.5%
October 20234.9%3.5%
November 20234.8%3.6%
December 20234.9%3.6%
January 20244.9%3.6%
February 20245%3.7%
March 20245%3.7%
April 20244.9%3.7%
May 20245%3.7%
June 20245.1%3.8%
July 20245.3%4.1%
August 20245.4%4.1%
September 20245.5%4.1%
October 20245.5%4%
November 20245.5%4%
December 20245.4%3.9%
January 20255.4%3.9%
February 20255.6%4%
March 20255.6%4%
April 20255.6%3.9%
May 20255.7%3.9%
June 20255.8%3.9%
July 20255.7%3.8%
August 20255.6%3.8%
September 20255.6%3.8%
October 20255.6%3.8%
November 20255.6%3.8%
December 20255.6%3.7%
January 20265.5%3.8%
February 20265.6%3.9%
March 20265.6%3.9%
April 20265.6%3.9%
May 20265.7%3.9%
June 20265.7%3.8%
July 20265.8%3.9%

ONS. Latest: 5.8% (July 2026). The national series and its methodology.

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